The issue of the deviation of the carrier from the route of transportation is a well-known issue in maritime law and means the change of geography of the carrier by the carrier and has important effects on the law of maritime transport. . Deviation is divided into three types and includes geographical and non- geographical deviation, justified and unjustified deviation, reasonable and unreasonable, and it has different effects depending on whether it is justified or unjustified. Reasonable deviation exempts the carrier from liability and unjustified deviation aggravates this responsibility. Iranian maritime law has remained silent on the effects of unjustified diversion, but it is acceptable to refer to the general rules of trustworthiness. In the leading text, the types of deviations are examined and the effects of justified and unjustified deviations are discussed, and the condition of freedom of deviation in contracts and maritime insurance in deviation is also stated.

Ways of compensation in civil liability are in fact ways to fulfill the obligation of the perpetrator. It is clear that compensation for material, spiritual and physical damages cannot be compensated by the same methods, so it is necessary to consider appropriate methods of compensation in different matters. Sometimes one of the basic principles of civil liability law that has been accepted by some jurists and legal systems is the "principle of the necessity of compensation" or the "principle of the ability to compensate all damages." This principle, which is accepted in French law and is widely accepted in the doctrine of Iranian law, is not more than a century old and is still faced with many denials and doubts in many legal systems. Given that the originality of these goals varies in legal systems, the methods of achieving them are not the same. These ways are generally: objective compensation or restoration of the previous situation, which is manifested in various forms; And compensation equivalent to the two types, non-cash compensation (giving in exchange) and cash compensation (payment). Although the general principles of these methods are more or less the same in different systems, the quality of their use and the preferences given to each are different in legal systems. According to the foregoing, this study deals with how to protect the injured party in civil liability

The issue of air pollution in the country's metropolises and legislation on it goes back to the municipal law in 1334. In paragraph 20 of Article 55 of this law, the issue of reducing air pollution has been considered, but this issue has been threatened since 1995, when pollution reached the border. It was considered and caused the law on how to prevent air pollution to be approved this year. Most of the year, the share of pollution was given to motor vehicles with 58% and the share of residential, commercial and industrial units was set at 42%. In 1994, other activities such as developing the first standard for vehicle exhaust emissions, burning motor vehicles and technical inspection Cars were established This year, the results of preliminary research by the Japanese group JICA showed that the share of mobile resources is 77% of the total air pollution in the short city of Tehran. Gasoline station fuel consumption information is obtained on a monthly basis in the central area of Isfahan (Isfahan, Khomeini Shahr and Falavarjan), 69 of which are in the 15 districts of Isfahan. This year, the central region of Isfahan has consumed about 1,070 million liters of fuel, which is an average of about 81.6 million liters. Incidents in recent years regarding the increase in air pollution, the need to know more about the causes of these accidents has been identified. Cars are a major source of chemical fog, and heavy reliance on cars for transportation and intercity travel in large cities has led to the release of large amounts of unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Environmental control requires appropriate measures to control air pollution, proper water quality, and waste management and reduce pollution through fuel. It is worth noting that pollution control and prevention policies are effective when power plants, factories pay serious attention to these policies in their programs (Liu. 1999). In recent decades, the issue of air pollution due to the environmental effects of substances such as chlorofluorocarbons, ammonia vapor or carbon dioxide has also spread. These pollutants have global effects such as acid rain, global warming and ozone depletion. The main factor in increasing air pollution in the past has been the increase in global population. Population growth has increased people's living standards and increased consumption of fossil fuels. In general, the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, gas and gasoline is the main cause of air pollution.